Author: Team Admin

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অনেকেই Object সম্পর্কে জানতে চেয়েছেন।আজকের আলোচনার বিষয় object.
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সাধারণত verbকে what ( কি) এবং Whom ( কাকে) দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে যা উত্তর পাওয়া যায় ;তাই object।
What দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় সেটি অপ্রাণীবাচক হয়(non- living) – এবং এটি direct object.
আবার; whom দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যায় সেটি প্রাণীবাচক ( living) হয় এবং এটি Indirect object হয়।
যেমন:
He gave me a book.
এখানে verb কে What দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে? সে আমাকে কী দিয়েছিল? উত্তর আসে – book. এই book হল direct object.
আবার verb কে whom দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তর আসে – me.এই me হল indirect object.
Structure: Sub+ verb+ indirect object+ direct object হয়।
যেমন :He gave me a book.
or He gave a book to me.
Direct object আগে লিখতে হলে indirect object এর আগে একটি to বসে।
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Retained object.
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Active voice এ দুটি object থকলে passive করতে হলে; একটি কে sub হিসাবে নিতে হয় আর একটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।যেটি অপরিবর্তিত থাকে তাকে Retained object বলা হয়।
যেমন:He gave me abook.
Passive:1. I was given a book-( retained obj) by him.
2.A book was given me ( retained obj.) by him.
1.no এ a book retained objected as it remains unchanged.
2. me retained obj.as it remains unchanged.
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Cognatate object( সমধাতুজ কর্ম)
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Verb থেকে যে obj সৃষ্টি হয় ; তাকে cognate object বলা হয়।
যেমন:1.He slept a sound sleep( cognate obj)
2.He dreamt a dream ( cognate obj.)
3.He ran a race ( cognate obj. race is noun form of run)
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Factitive object
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কোন কোন সকর্ম ক্রিয়ার ( transitive verb) অর্থ পূরণের জন্য উহার কর্মের পর পদবীজ্ঞাপক একটি noun দরকার হয়।This word is called factitive obj.

E.g 1. He called me a fool ( a fool factitive obj)
2.He made me captain( captain – factitive obj.)
এখানে a fool & captain noun গুলি ব্যবহার না করলে বাক্যের অর্থ সম্পুর্ণ হয় না।এই ধরণের noun কে factive object বলা হয়।
ধন্যবাদ।

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NARRATION CHANGE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
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1.Reporting verb said – এর পরিবর্তে
I) আদেশ বোঝাতে -ordered
ii) উপদেশ বোঝাতে – advised.
iii) অনুরোধ। বোঝাতে -requested
iv) প্রার্থনা – বোঝাতে – begged বসে।
E.g.
Direct:He said to me ;” Go home at once”
Indirect : He told/ advised/ ordered me to go home at once.
Direct: I said to him;” Please explain it”
Indirect: I requested him to explain it.
Reported verb কী হবে order না request না advise যদি doubt থাকে তবে told বসাতে পারেন।

2. Reported speech -এর verb -এর আগে that না বসে reported verb এর আগে to বসে।(reported speech – এর verb infinitive form হয়।)
3. Reported speech ‘ Do not ‘দিয়ে শুরু হলে ‘not to’ বসে।( আবার forbade reporting verb use করলে reported verb এর আগে to বসে)
Eg.
He said to me ; ” Don’ t run in the sun”
He advised / ordered me not to run in the sun.
or
He forbade( নিষেধ করা) me to run in the sun.
4. Reported speech এ vocatives (- সম্বোধনবাচক পদ) vocative টি reporting verb – এর object হয়।
Direct: He said ;” Ram ; go home” (‘ Ram’ is here vocatives)
Indirect: He told Ram to go home.
Direct:He shouted; ” ” Stop ; you villain”
Indirect:He ordered the villain to stop ( villain ‘ is here vocatives)
or
Indirec:Addressing the man as villain; he ordered him to stop.
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5. IMPERATIVE WITH ‘ LET’

i) Reported speech যদি ‘ Let’ দিয়ে শুরু হয় এবং প্রস্তাব (proposal বা suggestion)বোঝায় তবে reporting verb টি proposed বা suggested হবে এবং reported speech এর verb এর আগে ‘ should বসে।এবং reported speech. এর আগে that বসে।
Direct: He said to me ; ” Let us have a picnic”
Indirect: He proposed / suggested me that they should have a picnic.
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ii) আবার Reported speech যদি ‘ Let ‘দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে অনুমতি ( permission) বোঝায় তবে reporting verb told/ requested / wished ( অর্থানুসারে) বসে এবং reported speech এর verb-এর আগে ‘ might বা ‘might be allowed to’ বসে.। এবং এইক্ষেত্রেও reported speech – এর আগে ‘ that’ বসে।
Eg.
Direct: He said ;” Let me come in”
Indirect: He requested / told that he might ( or might be allowed to) come in.
Direct: He said ;” Let me have some tea”
Indirect: He wished / requested/ told that he might have some tea.

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Degree:
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Degree হল Adjective এর রূপভেদ। এটি ৩টি ভাগে বিভক্ত। যথা-
1) Positive Degree
2) Comparative Degree
3) Superlative Degree
1) Positive Degree:
কোন sentence এ Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুণ, অবস্থা ইত্যাদি বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Positive Degree বলে।
যেমন – Mr. Roni is a good man.
2) Comparative Degree:
সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rahim is wiser than Karim.
3) Superlative Degree:
সাধারণত অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝাতে adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Superlative Degree বলে।
যেমন – Rony is the best player in the team.
Change of Degrees:
Superlative Degree into Positive Degree:
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Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রূপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Rule 1:
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No other + প্রদত্ত Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.
Superlative: Rony is the smallest player in the team.
Positive: No other player in the team is as / so small as Rony.
Superlative: Sima is the best housewife.
Positive: No other housewife is as/ so good as Sima.
Rule 2:
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, one of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
প্রথমে very few + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + as + Superlative Degree এর Positive form + as + মূল sentence এর subject.
Superlative: He is one of the best players in the team.
Positive: Very few players in the team are as good as he.
Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
Positive: Very few metals are as useful as Iron.
Comparative into
positive
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Rule 1:
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Than any other/all other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
No other + any other/all other এর পরের অংশ + verb + so/as + Comparative Degree এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: kibria is greater than any other boy in the class.
Positive: No other boy in the class is as / so great as Kibria.
Comparative: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Positive: No other city in Bangladesh is as / so large as Dhaka.
Rule 2:
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Than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Than এর পরের অংশ + verb + not + so/as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: Rony is bigger than Bony.
Positive: Bony is not as big as Rony.
Comparative: He is stronger than I.
Positive: I am not as strong as he.
Rule 3:
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Than most other / than few other যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
Very few + most other/few other এর পরের অংশ + verb এর plural form + as + Comparative এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.
Comparative: Gold is more useful than most other metals.
Positive: very few metals are as useful as gold.
Comparative: A. K. Das was greater than most other politicians in India.
Positive: very few politicians in India were as great as A. K. Das.
Rule 4:
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No less/not less ……..than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
No less/not less এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে এবং than এর পরিবর্তে উক্ত যায়গায় as বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
Comparative: He is no less intelligent than you.
Positive: He is as intelligent as you.
Comparative: Kripa is not less clever than shipra.
Positive: Kripa is as clever as shipra.
Rule 5:
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No sooner had ….than যুক্ত Comparative Degree কে Positive Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়মঃ
No sooner had এর পরিবর্তে as soon as + subject + verb এর পরিবর্তে past form + than এর পূর্বের অংশ + than এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + বাকী অংশ।
Comparative: No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.
Positive: As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
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NOTE: Superlative degree তে one of the থাকলে Positive degree very few + plural noun + plural verb +as + adj+ as + noun/ pronoun.বসে।
আর Comparative করার সময়সময় – than এর পর most other বসে।
He is the tallest boy in the class.

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Voice:
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Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it.
ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
অথবা
Voice হলো verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু করে বা অন্যের কাজ তার ওপর এসে পড়ে।
Types of voice:
There are two types of voice:
Active voice.
Passive voice.
Active voice:
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যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।
Structure:
Subject + verb + object.
Example: I do the work.
Passive voice:
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যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।
Structure:
Object + be verb + verb এর past participle+ by+ subject.
Example: The work is done by me.
Active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Rule 1:
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a) Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।
b) Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রূপান্তর হয়।
c) মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।
Rule 2:
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Indefinite tense:
a) Present indefinite – am, is, are.
b) Past indefinite – was, were.
c) Future indefinite – shall be, will be.
Continuous tense:
a) Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.
b) Past Continuous – was being, were being
c) Future Continuous – shall be being, will be being.
Perfect tense:
a) Present Perfect – has been, have been.
b) Past Perfect- had been.
c) Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.
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Rule 3:
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a) Present indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + am/is/are + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active – I play football.
Passive- Football is played by me.
Active- They eat rice.
Passive- Rice is eaten by them.
b) Present continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + am being/is being/are being + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I am playing football.
Passive: football is being played by me.
Active: He is eating rice.
Passive: Rice is being eaten by him.
c) Present perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + have been/ has been + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: He has eaten rice.
Passive: Rice has been eaten by him.
Active: I have played football.
Passive: Football has been played by me.
d) Past indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + was/were + v3+ by + subject এর object
Active: I ate rice.
Passive: Rice was eaten by me.
Active: They played football.
Passive: Football was played by them.
e) Past continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + was being/were being + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I was eating rice.
Passive: rice was being eaten by me.
Active: They were catching fishes.
Passive: Fishes were being caught by them.
f) Past perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + had been + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I had eaten rice.
Passive: Rice had been eaten by me.
Active: we had dug the cannel.
Passive: The cannel had been dug by us.
g) Future indefinite tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure: Object এর subject + shall be/will be + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I will eat rice.
Passive: Rice will be eaten by me.
Active: They will play football.
Passive: Football will be played by them.
h) Future continuous tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + shall be being/will be being + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I shall be eating rice.
Passive: Rice will be being eaten by me.
Active: They will be playing football.
Passive: Football will be being played by them
i) Future perfect tense যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + shall have been /will have been + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I shall have eaten rice.
Passive: Rice will have been eaten by me.
Active: They will have caught the fish.
Passive: The fish will have been caught by them.
Rule 4:
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May, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to এর পরে be + v3+ by + subject এর object.
Active: I may help you.
Passive: you may be helped by me.
Active: you must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.
Active: we ought to obey our teachers.
Passive: our teachers ought to be obeyed by us.
Active: we are going to open a shop.
Passive: A shop is going to be opened by us.

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Rule 5:
Imperative sentence এর active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
A) শুধু মাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3
Active: close the door.
Passive: Let the door be closed.
Active: shut the window.
Passive: Let the window be shut.

B) Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let not + object এর subject + be + v3
Active: Do not close the door.
Passive: Let not the door be closed.
Active: Do not shut the window.
Passive: Let not the window be shut.

C) Let এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her)থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let + object এর subject + be + v3 + by + ব্যক্তিবাচক object.
Active: Let me play football.
Passive: Let the football be played by me.
Active: Let us sing a song.
Passive: let a song be sung by us.
Active: let him give the chance.
Passive: let the chance be given by him.

D) Never যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Let not + object এর subject + ever be + v3
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let not a lie ever be told.
Active: Never go there.
Passive: let not there ever be gone.

E) মূল verb এর পর যদি কোন ব্যক্তিবাচক object (me, us, you, them, him, her) থাকে এবং তা যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure: Let + direct object টি বসবে (মূল verb এর পর যে object টি থাকে + be + v3 + for +ব্যক্তিবাচক object
Active: Buy me a shirt.
Passive: let a shirt be bought for me.
Active: Give me a glass of water.
Passive: Let a glass of water be given for me.
Interrogative sentence

Rule 6:
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Interrogative sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
A) Structure:
Interrogative sentence কে Assertive sentence এ রূপান্তর করে নিতে হবে + রূপান্তরিত Assertive sentence এর active voice থেকে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে + এবার রূপান্তরিত passive voice এর auxiliary verb টিকে প্রথমে বসাতে হবে + শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। ** Tense অনুসারে করতে হবে।
Active: Have you eaten rice?
Assertive: You have eaten rice.
Assertive এর passive: Rice has been eaten by you.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Has rice been eaten by you?
Active: Is he reading a book?
Assertive: He is reading a book.
Assertive এর passive: A book is being read by him.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Is a book being read by him?
Active: Did you play football?
Assertive: you played football.
Assertive এর passive: Football was played by you.
Passive এ রূপান্তর: Was football played by you?

B) Who যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + object এর subject + অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/ been বসাতে হয় + V3+ ?.
Active: Who is playing football?
Passive: BY whom is football being played?
Active: who will help me?
Passive: By whom will I be helped?

C) Whom যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Whom এর পরিবর্তে who + tense ও person অনুযায়ী
Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject এর object +?
Active: Whom did you see on the road?
Passive: who was seen by you on the road?
Active: Whom has he murdered in this home?
Passive: Who is murdered by him in this home?

D) What যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
What + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + V3 + by + subject এর object +?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
————————————–
Rule 7:
—–
Subject + verb + object + present participle যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + present participle যুক্ত অংশটি + by + subject এর object.
Active: I saw him playing cricket.
Passive: He was seen playing cricket by me.
Active: I took him for my friend.
Passive: He was taken for my friend by me.

Rule 8:
—–
Double object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
দুইটা object এর যে কোন একটি subject করতে হয় (personal object কে subject এ রূপান্তর করলে ভাল) + v3 + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + প্রদত্ত বাকি object টি বসে + by + active voice এর subject টি object রুপে হয়।
Active: I gave him a flower. Passive: He was given a flower by me. Active: He teaches us math. Passive: we are taught English by him.

Rule 9:
—-
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Complex and compound sentence যুক্ত active voice এ রূপান্তরের সময় উভয় clause এর voice পরিবর্তন হয়।
Active: I know that he did the work.
Passive: It is known to me that the work was done by him.
Active: He told me that he had done the work.
Passive: I was told that the work had been done by him.
Note: Active voice “people say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে It is said দিয়ে passive voice করাই ভাল।
Active: people say that the lion is the king of forest.
Passive: It is said that the lion is the lion is the king of forest.

Rule 10:
—–
Intransitive verb যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
সাধারনত Intransitive verb এর passive voice হয় না। তবে Intransitive verb এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি group verb গঠন করে এবং তা Intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে –
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + প্রদত্ত preposition + by + subject টির object।
Active: The truck run over the boy.
Passive: The boy was run over by the truck.
Active: they looked at the poor man.
Passive: The poor man was looked at by them.

Rule 11:
—–
Reflexive object (myself, ourselves, yourselves, yourself, themselves, himself, herself) যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Active voice subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় passive voice এর subject হিসেবে হবে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + Reflexive object বসবে।
Active: He hanged himself.
Passive: He was hanged by himself.
Active: you killed yourself.
Passive: you were killed by yourself.

Rule 12:
—-
Factitive object/Complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Factitive object/Complementary object( select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণ রুপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরুপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object/Complementary object বলে।
Structure:
নামবাচক object টির (me, us, you, them, him, her) object টি subject হয়। + tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + Factitive object + by + subject এর object।
Active: They made me captain.
Passive: I was made captain by them.
Active: we call him liar.
Passive: He is called liar by us.

Rule 13:
—–
Cognate object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Cognate object এর সংজ্ঞা – কিছু intransitive verb তাদের সমর্থক object নিয়ে transitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। এ ধরনের object কে Cognate object বলে।
Structure: Object টি subject + tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + v3 + by + subject টির object।
Active: he caught a fish.
Passive: A fish was caught by him.
Active: you ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by you.

Rule 14:
—-
Infinitive যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + infinitive এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He wants someone to take camera.
Passive: He wants camera to be taken.
Active: He wants you to write a letter.
Passive: He wants a letter to be written. .

Rule 15:
Gerund combinations অর্থাৎ advise/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + gerund এর পরের object টি + should be + প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে v3 বসে।
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Active: He wanted playing football.
Passive: He wanted that football should be played.

Rule 16:
Agree, be anxious, arrange, determine, be determined, decide, demand, + infinitive + object object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject + মূল verb + that + infinitive এর পরের + object + should be + infinitive এর পরের verb এর v3.
Active: He decided to buy the house.
Passive: He decided that the house should be bought.
Active: you agreed to sell the house.
Passive: You agreed that the house should be sold.

Rule 17:
One + should যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম-
Structure:
Object এর subject + should be + v3
Active: one should take care of one’s education.
Passive: Education should be taken care of.
Active: one should tell the truth.
Passive: Truth should be told.

———————————————-
PASSIVE VOICE WITHOUT BY
———-
সাধারণত ব্যক্তির দ্বারা হলে by বসে এবং বস্তুর দ্বারা হলে with বসে।তাছাড়া কতগুলি verb আছে যাদের সাথে by না বসে অন্য preposition বসে।
Know verb এর সাথে to ; marry এর সাথে to; shock এর সাথে at; please এর সাথে with বসে।নীচে উদাহরণ দেখুন।
Active : I know the fact.
Passive : The fact is known to me (not, by me)
Active: Ram married sita.
Passive: Sita was married to Ram.( not ; by Ram)
Active : His conduct shocked me.
Passive : I was shocked at his conduct. (not, by his conduct)
Active : Light filled the room
Passive : The room was filled with light. (not, by light)
এখানে light বস্তু। তাই with হয়েছে।
Active : Her manners pleased us very much.
Passive : We were very much pleased with her manners. (not, by the novels of Tolstoy)
Active : The novels of Tolstoy interest me
Passive : I am interested in the novels of Tolstoy (not, by the novels of Tolstoy)
******
SOME PECULIARITIES IN VOICE
***
Active : One should keep one’s promise
Passive :A promise should be kept (by one – omitted)
Active : Someone has stolen my purse.
Passive : My purse has been stolen. (by someone –omitted)
Active : Circumstances obliged me to go
Passive : I was obliged to go (by circumstances –omitted)
Active : We can gain nothing without labour
Passive :Nothing can be gained without labour (by us –omitted)
Active : Why did they refuse him admittance?
Passive : Why was he refused admittance? (by them – omitted)
Active : We should not encourage indiscipline
Passive :Indiscipline should not be encouraged. (by us- omitted)
Active : Mother looked after the boy (look after – group verb)
Passive :They boy was looked after by mother (prep. ‘after’ of the gr.verb retained)
Active : He has worked out the answer correctly. (work out – group verb)
Passive :The answer has been correctly worked out by him
Active : Someone built this building in 1990
Passive :This building was built in 1990. (by someone – omitted)
Active : Dr. Das presided over the meeting
Passive :The meeting was presided over by Dr.Das.
Active : People consider me honest
Passive :I am considered honest. (by people – omitted)
Active : We ought to help the poor
Passive :The poor ought to be helped by us
Active : People believe that you know
Passive :It is supposed that you know
Active : We will not admit children under ten
Passive :Children under ten will not be admitted by us
Active : It is time to do your duty
Passive :It is time for your duty to be done